I once attended a luncheon at the New York Rotary Club. The main speaker was a prominent statesman. He has excellent knowledge of his subject, but had not prepared his speech, did not put together, not codified the right material for it. However, with the courage characteristic of inexperienced people, he threw himself headlong into the abyss of eloquence.

At first he tried to improvise, then in desperation, took out record and admitted that they amounted to a secretary. He became a fidget, and see ZTE records, trying to understand them, tried to speak, but it did not work. She apologized and asked for water, picked up a glass with a trembling hand, said a few incoherent sentences, again began to delve into the records ... From the minute he became helpless, all confused. We all felt relieved when he finally sat down and stopped trying to keep it sterile.

The moral of this story, in the words of G. Sponsera is as follows: "If a man's knowledge are not ordered, the more he knows, the greater the confusion of his thoughts."

No sane person does not begin to build a house without the project. How can he can act without a plan or thesis?

Public Speaking - a journey with a purpose. He who does not know where to go, usually will not come.

For public speaking is no less than military operations, are the words of Napoleon: "The Art of War - a science which can not only what has been calculated and thought out." But do it the speakers? Many statements no more system and order, than a plate of fish soups.

Let's see how successful it was built. First of all, it has a beginning and an ending. This advantage is rare, rarer than you might be inclined to think. In a successful speech, there are no superfluous words - he is not wasting time. It has a freshness and individuality of the speaker is visible. He says things that other speakers can not possibly say.

Former Senator A. Beveridge wrote a very useful book "On the art of public speaking." "He must hold his theme - he writes in the book. - This means that all the facts should be collected systematically, studied, digested, and they must cover the phenomenon from all sides. We must be sure that this is indeed the facts, not assumptions or assertions unsaid. Nothing can be taken for granted. Therefore it is necessary to verify and refine the data. This, of course, involves a thorough research ...

After gathering the facts and reflect on an issue, consider at what they impel the conclusion. Then your speech will become the originality and force of impact will be energetic and irresistibly compelling. It will reflect your personality. Then express their thoughts in writing as clearly as possible and logical. "

When Wilson was asked to introduce his methods of preparation for the speech, he replied: "I start with a list of questions that are intended to illuminate, interpret them in mind, in their natural relations, ie, a backbone. Then write a shorthand. I used to always make a verbatim record, because it saves a lot of time. Then I'll reprint the text on the machine, changing the phrase, correcting and adding a syllable material on the fly. "

Theodore Roosevelt was preparing his speech in his characteristic manner: picked up the facts, studied it, evaluated, determined their value and draw conclusions - and did so with a sense of unshakable confidence. Then, having in front of a notebook with notes, he began to dictate to a typist and dictated his speech very quickly, so there was spontaneity, vigor and vitality. Then Roosevelt would read the reprinted text of the rules it, make additions, made a lot of pencil marks and dictated again. Again and again he read typewritten pages, shortened, rules, and improved. So Roosevelt worked on the texts, speeches, printed in the newspapers. Speaking, he improvised, and often an oral presentation somewhat different from the published text.

Dictation and editing of the text were excellent preparatory work. Thanks to them, Roosevelt learned his lessons well, and the sequence of its exposition. This gave his performances a smooth, polished, instilled confidence in himself, and hardly could get all this different manner.

"I never have sought, - said Roosevelt - without hard work, stress of all my mental faculties, without careful preparation and a long preliminary work."

Many of those who study the art of public speaking, find it necessary to record their performances on tape and then listen to yourself. Yes, this is a very useful exercise, and I recommend it

Benjamin Franklin said in his "Autobiography," as he improved vocabulary, its style, studied organize their thoughts. I think you'll like shutter speed, which I quote: "I got the magazine" Spectator. " Earlier, I never saw him. I bought it, read it several times and came to a complete delight. I thought that everything is written beautifully, and I wanted to, whenever possible, to learn to write well. To this end, I took a magazine article, copied from the pieces of text. Next, set aside his notes for a few days and then just tried to play them. Then I compared his text with the original notice some of their mistakes and corrected them. At the same time, I improved my vocabulary, memory coached. "

I want to give useful advice. Having written on sheets of paper different ideas and examples, lay them by topic. This will facilitate the preparation of your speech.

A good speaker knows that there are four versions of his speech: the one he had prepared, the one that said, one that is placed in the newspapers, and one that is him on the way home and he would say.

Reading speech from notes destroys about half of the interest of listeners to her, breaks, or makes contact, the closeness that should exist between speaker and audience, creating an artificial atmosphere.

Take notes during the preparation of his speech - the detailed, extensive. You may want to contact them when you're rehearsing a speech. Perhaps you will feel better if you write will be based in your pocket when you stand before the audience. However, they can be used only in extreme cases.

If you absolutely need a cheat sheet, let it be as concise as possible, and write it in big letters on a sheet of paper. See the cheat sheet when you need it, but try to hide your weakness from listeners.

However, despite all the above, there are times when the wise use of records. Some people at the time of his first speeches as much worry and lost, which is quite prepared to forget about. That they should have before him a short recording.

Do not try to learn it by heart, word for word. This is a time-consuming and fraught with disaster. Yet, despite this warning, some of those who read these lines, will try to learn it by heart. Please do not waste your time and energy on such useless!

What do they think, beginning to say, those who have memorized the speech? They are trying to remember the written text, just all talk. From this statement it becomes stretched, cold and colorless.

After all, when you will be an important business call, do not you sit down and memorize what you speak? Of course not. You ponder the question as long as the main ideas will not be for you to completely clear. You might make a few notes and have a look at some of the documents. You say to yourself: "I have put forward such and such situation. I'll tell you what to do-so on such and such reasons ... "Then you list yourself proillyustriruete their arguments and concrete examples. Did not you get ready to talk business? Why not apply the same, based on common sense method for the preparation of public speaking?

The man, repeating the text, yet will fix it in memory, spends twice as much time and energy than is required to achieve the same result if the process is repeated will be made at reasonable intervals. The brain is working intermittently, not so tired. R. Burton, translator of the Arabian Nights "One Thousand and One Nights", spoke 27 languages. He admitted that he had never studied the language and not practiced in it longer than 15 minutes in a row, "because after that the head loses freshness"

Of course, no one who considers himself wise, do not delay preparing for public speaking until the eve of the day when it should take place. If he did so, his memory will be reluctant to work only half its capacity.

Many times, the experiments proved that the new material studied by us, we are for the first eight hours we forget more than the next thirty days. The striking relationship! Therefore, immediately before the public performance review the text of your speech.

Suppose that, in spite of the preparation and precautions, he abruptly in mid-speech, forgot everything and faces the audience, absolutely petrified and unable to speak further. The situation terrible. Pride does not allow the speaker to acknowledge its failure and take a seat. He feels that he could remember the next paragraph of his speech, or at least some point, if you would have thought 10-15 seconds. But 15 seconds of silence tantamount to disaster. What should I do? As one prominent U.S. senator has appeared in such a situation, he asked the audience loudly enough, he says, well it be heard at the end of the hall. Senator had to buy time. And a short break helped him find a lost idea and continue it.

But perhaps the best life preserver in the event of such a mental wreck as follows: turn the last word or the last sentence, or thought the last sentence in the beginning of a new phrase. Suppose you were in a mental impasse after a pronounced: "The average employee is not nominated because he does not show a genuine interest in his work, he has little initiative." Begin the next fr ^ Dhu with the word "initiative". You probably have no idea what you say but still start. Even a weak phrase is better than nothing. We can say: "The initiative - a desire to do something in their own way, without waiting for anyone's guidance." The statement is not brilliant, it does not make it historic. But is it better than a painful silence?

As long as you pronounce common phrases, you should try to remember what the next question is in terms of your speech, what exactly were you going to say. With the temporary loss of memory in this way could revive the language, who were at the last gasp.

When we begin to study any subject, such as French or speaking skills, you will never move forward evenly. We are making progress is not constant, and the sudden jumps, sharp jerks. Then stop for a while, or can even fall back and lose some of the previously acquired. These periods of regression are well known to all psychologists have been called "the plateau on the ridge of training." Those who study the art of public speaking, sometimes be delayed for weeks on these "plateau". How would they work diligently, they just can not move forward. Weak come to despair and give up, and people with strong character and continue to work at once, do not understand how it happened, making great strides. During a public speech, they suddenly begin to behave naturally, acquire self-confidence and the impact on listeners.

One young man, who wished to study law, he turned to Lincoln to give him advice. And he replied: "If you're determined to become a lawyer, the case has already been done by more than half ... Always remember that your determination to succeed is more important than anything else. "

Lincoln was well aware that this is so. He studied at the school for a total of not more than a year. But how many books he has read! Lincoln recalled that went to a radius of 50 miles from his home to take away people's books. As soon as the dawn, he jumped up, rubbed his eyes, pulled out a book and started reading it avidly. Sometimes reading all night long.

Lincoln went about 20-30 miles from home to listen to the speaker. He learned to make speeches everywhere - in the field, in the woods, before a crowd gathered at the grocery store in Dzhentriville. Lincoln was a member of the literary and discussion societies in New Salem and Springfield, and often spoke on current issues.

Your success as a speaker depends on two factors: the natural ability and strength of your commitment to the goal. "If you strive hard enough to the result - said Professor James, - you will certainly attain it. If you want to get rich, get rich, you want to become a scientist, scientists will want to become good will become good. But once you really have to want it, and only this, but not at the same time strive with equal force to the execution of hundreds of other, incompatible desires. "

When the situation seems difficult, even hopeless, we must tell ourselves that the situation perfect. Attack and you will save the most valuable from the fact that you have - your courage and faith in yourself.

I can not deny myself the pleasure of quoting a great council of E. Hubbard, If only the average person - man or woman - will learn and apply it in practice, it will be happier, it will be easier to live. That this advice: "When you leave the house, pull your chin, lift your head high and inhale deeply. Absorbs sunlight. Greet your friends smile and put soul into every handshake. Do not be afraid that you misunderstood. Do not waste a minute thinking about your enemies. Try to fix firmly in your mind that you want to do, and then you go straight to the goal, not leaning to one side. Focus your thoughts on the great, wonderful works, that you would like to make, and then, as the days pass, you will unconsciously use those capabilities which are required to fulfill your desire, just as the coral polyp takes out of the water he needed substance. Нарисуйте в своем уме того способного, серьезного, полезного человека, каким вы хотите быть, и эта мысль будет ежечасно превращать вас именно в такого человека...»

Однажды великий русский художник К. Брюллов поправлял этюд ученика. С удивлением глядя на исправленный рисунок, ученик воскликнул:

— Вы только чуть-чуть прикоснулись, и стало совсем иначе!

— Искусство начинается с этого чуть-чуть,— ответил К. Брюллов, Его слова можно отнести и к выступлениям ораторов. Современная аудитория — будь то пятнадцать или тысяча человек — хочет, чтобы оратор говорил так же просто, как в личной беседе, и вообще в такой манере, как будто беседует с одним человеком.

Я имел удовольствие слушать известного физика О. Лоджа. Тема выступления «Атомы и миры». Он посвятил ей больше полувека трудов, опытов и исследований. То, что О. Лодж говорил, исходило из его сердца, было частью его жизни, тем, что ему очень хотелось высказать. Физику было важно рассказать слушателям об атомах точно, ясно и убедительно. Он искренне старался, чтобы мы видели и чувствовали то, что видел и чувствовал он. И каков был результат? О. Лодж сделал замечательный доклад. В нем были и обаяние и сила.

У. Стивене в книге «Линкольн глазами репортера», изданной Историческим обществом штата Миссури, рассказывает об одном из излюбленных методов, которым пользовался Линкольн, когда хотел придать своим словам особую убедительность: «Он произносил несколько слов очень быстро, а когда подходил к слову или фразе, которые хотел подчеркнуть, то замедлял свою речь и затем с быстротой молнии заканчивал фразу... Он так долго задерживался на одном или двух словах, которые хотел подчеркнуть, что на них уходило столько же времени, сколько на десяток последующих, менее важных слов».

Линкольн делал также паузу после фраз, которые он хотел подчеркнуть. Он произносил их с ударением и молчал, пока их смысл не доходил до слушателей.

Вкладывайте душу в свое выступление! Подлинные эмоции, искренность дадут больше, чем все возможные правила на свете.

Жизненная сила, живость и энтузиазм — наиболее важные из те» качеств, которые я в первую очередь стремился привить ораторам.

Если вы желаете добиться успеха у слушателей, выступайте хорошо отдохнувшим. Уставший оратор не обладает никакими привлекающими свойствами.

Не совершайте обычной ошибки, которая состоит в том, что оратор откладывает до самого последнего момента подготовку к выступлению, а затем начинает работать в невероятно быстром темпе, пытаясь наверстать упущенное время. Это ослабляет его мозг и нервную систему.

Специалист по психологии задал большой группе людей вопрос: «Какое влияние на вас оказывает одежда?» Оказалось: если человек осознает, что безукоризненно одет и хорошо выглядит, это вселяет в него уверенность, веру в свои силы, повышает уважение к самому себе. Ему легче решать проблемы и добиваться успеха.

Если вам предстоит выступать с речью во вторую половину дня, то следует слегка перекусить, а если есть такая возможность, отдохнуть. Не делайте ничего, что могло бы снизить вашу энергию.

Пусть зал будет хорошо освещен. Трудно вызвать интерес у слушателей, сидящих в полутемном, мрачном помещении. Люди хотят видеть вас. Малейшие изменения, которые могут возникнуть на вашем лице, являются частью, и очень важной, процесса самовыражения. Иногда они значат больше, чем ваши слова.

Не садитесь за стол. Люди хотят видеть вас во весь рост. Иногда они даже вытягивают шею, чтобы хорошо разглядеть оратора.

Students can not resist the temptation to look at moving objects. If he or she will remember this truth, he can rid yourself of unnecessary annoyance. He should sit in such a way his audience so that they have not seen entering the room late, and thus are not distracted. Most orator should avoid in order to correct the clothes, hair, make neurotic movement.

With him on the stage there should be none. I noticed that as soon as one of those sitting in the presidium begins to move, the students transferred to the speaker's opinion on it.

Do not allow to set the stage red flowers, since they attract attention.

When you appeared before the audience, do not rush to start talking. Okinte their eyes and, if there is audible noise, pause for as long as it does not stop.

Some speakers at the outset make a mistake. They say: "I am not an orator ... I'm not very well prepared for the speech ... "This is by no means impossible to say. Why bring it to the attention of listeners? Why do they insult, suggesting the idea that you do not bother to prepare for a meeting with them? And besides, if he is not prepared, someone in the audience noticed it myself, but others may not notice.

When you appeared before the audience, they will naturally give you their attention. It is easy to keep it within the first five seconds, but it is not easy to hold in the next five minutes. If you lose the audience's attention, then you will be hard to get it back again. Therefore, start his speech with some interesting posts. Tie him to the vital interests of your audience.

The most strategically important moment of speech - its ending. There are speakers who finish his speech thus: "That's probably all I wanted to say on this matter," or "Perhaps I will finish this." This is a mistake. We immediately see that the speaker - an amateur.

Some speakers are not able to finish it, in fact they do not have endings: they just suddenly stop talking. It produces an unpleasant impression.

In advance, prepare carefully the ending of your speech. Rehearse it.

Here are a few endings of speech: make conclusions, again briefly repeat the main points of your speech, urging the audience to action, cite the appropriate poetic lines, call the laughter make the audience a sincere compliment.

And the last advice. Preparing a good start and good end of your speech, make sure that they were connected with each other. Always stop his speech before your audience will want it.

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